By Dr. Adedamola Adeogun
In recent years, the resurgence of the monkeypox (Mpox) disease has become a significant public health concern, with outbreaks spreading across various geographical locations and the number of infected individuals rising steadily. This rare and infectious disease, caused by the mpox virus from the Orthopoxvirus genus, has prompted global alarm due to its increasing incidence and the severity of its symptoms.
Epidemiology and Global Spread
Traditionally, monkeypox has been endemic to Central and West Africa, with outbreaks typically confined to these regions. However, the disease has recently expanded its reach, leading to significant outbreaks in Nigeria (2017 and 2024), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (2018 and 2024), and more widespread global cases reported in 2022 and 2024.
Transmission
Monkeypox spreads through multiple routes, making it a challenging disease to control. The primary transmission methods include:
Contact with infected animals
This includes rodents and primates, as well as direct transmission from infected humans.
Direct contact with body fluids: Blood, saliva, and pus from infected individuals are highly contagious.
Indirect contact: Touching contaminated objects and surfaces can also lead to infection.
Exposure to respiratory droplets: Inhalation of droplets from coughing or sneezing can spread the virus.
Clinical Features
The symptoms of monkeypox are often severe and can include:
– Fever, chills, and fatigue
– Headaches and muscle aches
– Malaise and swollen lymph nodes
– A characteristic rash that begins as flat spots and evolves into pus-filled blisters
The incubation period for monkeypox, which is the time from exposure to the virus to the onset of symptoms, typically ranges from 10 to 14 days, but it can vary between 5 to 21 days.
Treatment and Prevention
As with most viral infections, treatment for monkeypox is primarily supportive, focusing on fluid administration, adequate rest, and pain management. In some cases, antiviral medications may be required.
Prevention remains the most effective strategy for combating the spread of monkeypox. Key preventive measures include:
– Vaccination, particularly for vulnerable individuals, with the smallpox vaccine offering some protection against monkeypox.
– The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce exposure risks.
– Practicing good personal hygiene and avoiding touching areas with mucous membranes such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.
– Health education, public enlightenment, and sensitization efforts to promote adherence to health guidelines and minimize the risk of transmission.
High-Risk Behaviors and Regional Considerations
In regions of Central and West Africa, where monkeypox prevalence is high, the consumption of bushmeat or wild game poses a significant risk. The handling, preparation, cooking, and consumption of infected bushmeat have been identified as important potential routes for transmission. To mitigate the spread of monkeypox, it is recommended that individuals in high-risk zones avoid consuming bushmeat. Additionally, thorough cooking methods and high food hygiene standards are crucial in reducing transmission risks. Cooking meat to a temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius) is essential to ensure safety.
Current Outbreak Status
As of August 26, 2024, over 21,000 cases of monkeypox have been reported worldwide, resulting in more than 500 fatalities. The majority of cases have been recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) with other countries such as Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Sweden, and Thailand also reporting infections. The World Health Organization has declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
In Nigeria, approximately 40 cases of monkeypox have been recorded in 2024, with no fatalities reported so far. The situation underscores the urgent need for continued vigilance, public health interventions, and adherence to preventive measures to curb the spread of this potentially deadly disease.
About Guest Writer
Dr. Adedamola Adeogun, with over a decade of experience in government and private healthcare, trained at Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Passionate about health education and preventive medicine, he is a regular media guest and a facilitator at health events, dedicated to raising public awareness and promoting wellness.